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| Bruce Eckel’s Thinking in Java | Contents | Prev | Next |
In
any collection class, you must have a way to put things in and a way to get
things out. After all, that’s the primary job of a collection – to
hold things. In the Vector,
addElement( )
is the way that you insert objects, and
elementAt( )
is
one
way to get things out.
Vector
is quite flexible – you can select anything at any time, and select
multiple elements at once using different indexes.
any collection class, you must have a way to put things in and a way to get
things out. After all, that’s the primary job of a collection – to
hold things. In the Vector,
addElement( )
is the way that you insert objects, and
elementAt( )
is
one
way to get things out.
Vector
is quite flexible – you can select anything at any time, and select
multiple elements at once using different indexes.
If
you want to start thinking at a higher level, there’s a drawback: you
need to know the exact type of the collection in order to use it. This might
not seem bad at first, but what if you start out using a
Vector,
and later on in your program you decide, for efficiency, that you want to
change to a
List
(which is part of the Java 1.2
collections library)? Or you’d like to write a piece of code that
doesn’t know or care what type of collection it’s working with.
you want to start thinking at a higher level, there’s a drawback: you
need to know the exact type of the collection in order to use it. This might
not seem bad at first, but what if you start out using a
Vector,
and later on in your program you decide, for efficiency, that you want to
change to a
List
(which is part of the Java 1.2
collections library)? Or you’d like to write a piece of code that
doesn’t know or care what type of collection it’s working with.
The
concept of an iterator
can
be used to achieve this next level of abstraction. This is an object whose job
is to move through a sequence of objects and select each object in that
sequence without the client programmer knowing or caring about the underlying
structure of that sequence. In addition, an iterator is usually what’s
called a “light-weight” object; that is, one that’s cheap to
create. For that reason, you’ll often find seemingly strange constraints
for iterators; for example, some iterators can move in only one direction.
concept of an iterator
can
be used to achieve this next level of abstraction. This is an object whose job
is to move through a sequence of objects and select each object in that
sequence without the client programmer knowing or caring about the underlying
structure of that sequence. In addition, an iterator is usually what’s
called a “light-weight” object; that is, one that’s cheap to
create. For that reason, you’ll often find seemingly strange constraints
for iterators; for example, some iterators can move in only one direction.
The
Java
Enumeration[33]
is an example of an iterator with these kinds of constraints. There’s not
much you can do with one except:
Java
Enumeration[33]
is an example of an iterator with these kinds of constraints. There’s not
much you can do with one except:
- Ask
a collection to hand you an Enumeration
using
a method called
elements( ).
This
Enumeration
will
be ready to return the first element in the sequence on your first call to its
nextElement( )
method. - Get
the next object in the sequence with
nextElement( ). - See
if there
are
any more objects in the sequence with
hasMoreElements( ).
That’s
all. It’s a simple implementation of an iterator, but still powerful. To
see how it works, let’s revisit the
CatsAndDogs.java
program from earlier in the chapter. In the original version, the method
elementAt( )
was used to select each element, but in the following modified version an
enumeration is used:
all. It’s a simple implementation of an iterator, but still powerful. To
see how it works, let’s revisit the
CatsAndDogs.java
program from earlier in the chapter. In the original version, the method
elementAt( )
was used to select each element, but in the following modified version an
enumeration is used:
//: CatsAndDogs2.java // Simple collection with Enumeration import java.util.*; class Cat2 { private int catNumber; Cat2(int i) { catNumber = i; } void print() { System.out.println("Cat number " +catNumber); } } class Dog2 { private int dogNumber; Dog2(int i) { dogNumber = i; } void print() { System.out.println("Dog number " +dogNumber); } } public class CatsAndDogs2 { public static void main(String[] args) { Vector cats = new Vector(); for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) cats.addElement(new Cat2(i)); // Not a problem to add a dog to cats: cats.addElement(new Dog2(7)); Enumeration e = cats.elements(); while(e.hasMoreElements()) ((Cat2)e.nextElement()).print(); // Dog is detected only at run-time } } ///:~
You
can see that the only change is in the last few lines. Instead of:
can see that the only change is in the last few lines. Instead of:
for(int i = 0; i < cats.size(); i++) ((Cat)cats.elementAt(i)).print();
an
Enumeration
is used to step through the sequence:
Enumeration
is used to step through the sequence:
while(e.hasMoreElements()) ((Cat2)e.nextElement()).print();
With
the
Enumeration,
you don’t need to worry about the number of elements in the collection.
That’s taken care of for you by hasMoreElements( )
and nextElement( ).
the
Enumeration,
you don’t need to worry about the number of elements in the collection.
That’s taken care of for you by hasMoreElements( )
and nextElement( ).
As
another example, consider the creation of a general-purpose printing method:
another example, consider the creation of a general-purpose printing method:
//: HamsterMaze.java // Using an Enumeration import java.util.*; class Hamster { private int hamsterNumber; Hamster(int i) { hamsterNumber = i; } public String toString() { return "This is Hamster #" + hamsterNumber; } } class Printer { static void printAll(Enumeration e) { while(e.hasMoreElements()) System.out.println( e.nextElement().toString()); } } public class HamsterMaze { public static void main(String[] args) { Vector v = new Vector(); for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) v.addElement(new Hamster(i)); Printer.printAll(v.elements()); } } ///:~
Look
closely at the printing method:
closely at the printing method:
static void printAll(Enumeration e) { while(e.hasMoreElements()) System.out.println( e.nextElement().toString()); }
Note
that there’s no information about the type of sequence. All you have is an
Enumeration,
and that’s all you need to know about the sequence: that you can get the
next object, and that you can know when you’re at the end. This idea of
taking a collection of objects and passing through it to perform an operation
on each one is powerful and will be seen throughout this book.
that there’s no information about the type of sequence. All you have is an
Enumeration,
and that’s all you need to know about the sequence: that you can get the
next object, and that you can know when you’re at the end. This idea of
taking a collection of objects and passing through it to perform an operation
on each one is powerful and will be seen throughout this book.
This
particular example is even more generic, since it uses the ubiquitous toString( )
method (ubiquitous only because it’s part of the
Object
class). An alternative way to call print (although probably slightly less
efficient, if you could even notice the difference) is:
particular example is even more generic, since it uses the ubiquitous toString( )
method (ubiquitous only because it’s part of the
Object
class). An alternative way to call print (although probably slightly less
efficient, if you could even notice the difference) is:
System.out.println(""
+ e.nextElement());
+ e.nextElement());
which
uses the “automatic conversion to
String”
that’s wired into Java. When the compiler sees a
String,
followed by a ‘
+’,
it expects another
String
to follow and calls
toString( )
automatically. (In Java
1.1, the first
String
is unnecessary; any object will be converted to a
String.)
You can also perform a cast, which has the effect of calling
toString( ):
uses the “automatic conversion to
String”
that’s wired into Java. When the compiler sees a
String,
followed by a ‘
+’,
it expects another
String
to follow and calls
toString( )
automatically. (In Java
1.1, the first
String
is unnecessary; any object will be converted to a
String.)
You can also perform a cast, which has the effect of calling
toString( ):
System.out.println((String)e.nextElement());
In
general, however, you’ll want to do something more than call
Object
methods, so you’ll run up against the type-casting issue again. You must
assume you’ve gotten an
Enumeration
to a sequence of the particular type you’re interested in, and cast the
resulting objects to that type (getting a run-time exception if you’re
wrong).
general, however, you’ll want to do something more than call
Object
methods, so you’ll run up against the type-casting issue again. You must
assume you’ve gotten an
Enumeration
to a sequence of the particular type you’re interested in, and cast the
resulting objects to that type (getting a run-time exception if you’re
wrong).
[33]
The term
iterator
is
common in C++ and elsewhere in OOP, so it’s difficult to know why the
Java team used a strange name. The collections library in Java 1.2 fixes this
as well as many other problems.
The term
iterator
is
common in C++ and elsewhere in OOP, so it’s difficult to know why the
Java team used a strange name. The collections library in Java 1.2 fixes this
as well as many other problems.
