If you can answer 'Yes' to one or more of the following questions, this article may be interesting (or even useful) to you:

Are you ever irritated by the GetFirstPosition / GetNextItem style of iteration through MFC's window containers?

Does 'POSITION' leave you cold?

Do you have a nagging feeling that there must be a simpler way?

Have you thought about using the STL, but can't see much use for it with MFC?

Do you use the STL, but wish MFC classes could be more involved?

Have you ever wondered what iterators really do, and how they can be useful?

Would you like to see how to construct a single iterator that can return you a pointer to every View in your application?

STL Iterators

STL iterators are used to access items held in STL containers. A C++ pointer is a kind of iterator which can be used to access items in an array. Other STL iterators are generally class objects that have similar operations to C++ pointers, such as ++ (increment) and * (dereference). They are arranged in a hierarchy (not an inheritance hierarchy) according to the operations they support, so the most restricted Input and Output iterators support incrementing with ++, dereferencing with *, and equality checking with == and !=. Input iterators only read the elements, Output iterators only write them. They are typically used with input and output streams. Next come Forward iterators, which combine the read and write capabilities of Input and Output iterators, and Bidirectional iterators are Forward iterators that can also go backwards using the -- (decrement) operator. Random Access iterators can do all this, and also use the [] operator to randomly access items by some key or index. C++ pointers are Random Access iterators.

STL containers generally define their own iterators as class members, and provide a begin() function to get an iterator to the first element, and an end() function that returns an iterator *past* the end of the container. The end iterator doesn't point to a valid item, but is only used to test whether another iterator has reached the end of the container, using the != operator, typically like this:

 typedef vector < int >	IntArray;
 IntArray myArray;
 IntArray::iterator vi;     // construct iterator for an array of int

 for (vi = myArray.begin(); vi != myArray.end(); ++vi)
 {
    // Note that the loop test is always: iterator != end(), never:  iterator > end()
 }

The Main Bit

In this article I describe a template class that will make an STL-style input iterator for any class that contains elements accessible by GetFirstPosition / GetNextItem style member functions, and present some classes that use it to make iterators for MFC CViews, CDocuments, and CDocTemplates. I also show a class that will permit these iterators to be nested, allowing such joys as iteration over all the CViews of all the CDocuments for a CDocTemplate, and even all the CViews of all the CDocuments for all the CDocTemplates in a CWinApp.

Because the MFC containers don't have a begin() function to return an iterator, my iterators set themselves to the first item on construction, and they contain their own end() function to test for reaching the end of the container.

For example, the traditional MFC iteration of Views might be something like this:

void CMyDoc::OnRepaintAllViews()
{
   POSITION pos = GetFirstViewPosition();
   while (pos != NULL)
   {
      CView* pView = GetNextView(pos);
      pView->UpdateWindow();
   }
}

void CMyDoc::OnRepaintAllViews()
{
   for (ViewIter vi(this); vi != vi.end(); ++vi)
   {
      (*vi)->UpdateWindow();
   }
}

POSITION pos = pDoc->GetFirstViewPosition();
CView* pView = pDoc->GetNextView(pos);

ViewIter vIt(pDoc);	// Construct view iterator - points to first view
CView* pView = *vIt;	// dereference iterator to get view pointer

CView* pView = *ViewIter(pDoc);   // Construct temporary ViewIter and dereference it

Here is the iterator base class, BaseMFCIter:

#ifndef BASEMFCITERATOR_H
#define	BASEMFCITERATOR_H

//***************************************************************************/
//
// BaseMFCIter class implementation.
//
// Base iterator class for iterating MFC-style containers that use GetFirstPos,
// GetNextItem semantics (where GetFirstPos returns a value to be passed to
// GetNextItem, which updates it and returns an item).
//
// NOTE: The Item type must have a default constructor if it is not a basic type.
//***************************************************************************

#if _MSC_VER > 1000
#pragma once
#endif // _MSC_VER > 1000

#include < iterator >

// Define BaseMFCIter as a standard input iterator.
//
// The template arguments are:
//	Item: the contained element type
//	Cont: the container type
//	Key:  the access key (defaults to POSITION)

template < class Item, class Cont, class Key = POSITION >
class BaseMFCIter : public std::iterator < std::input_iterator_tag, Item >
{
public:
   // Define types for the 2 member functions to be used:
   typedef Key  (Cont::*GetFirstFunctionPtr) ()     const;
   typedef Item	(Cont::*GetNextFunctionPtr)  (Key&) const;

   // Default constructor, makes a null iterator, equal to BaseMFCIter::end()
   BaseMFCIter() : m_pCont(0), m_Pos(0), m_GetFirstFunc(0), m_GetNextFunc(0), m_End(true) {}

   // Constructor taking pointer to container and the iteration functions
   BaseMFCIter(Cont* pCont, GetFirstFunctionPtr pFF, GetNextFunctionPtr pNF)
      : m_pCont(pCont), m_Pos(0), m_GetFirstFunc(pFF), m_GetNextFunc(pNF)
   { init(); }

   // Copy constructor, initialises iterator to first element
   BaseMFCIter(const BaseMFCIter& vi) : m_pCont(vi.m_pCont), m_Pos(0),
   	m_GetFirstFunc(vi.m_GetFirstFunc), m_GetNextFunc(vi.m_GetNextFunc)
   { init(); }

   // Assignment operator, initialises iterator to first element
   BaseMFCIter& operator=(const BaseMFCIter& vi)
   {
      m_pCont		= vi.m_pCont;
      m_GetFirstFunc	= vi.m_GetFirstFunc;
      m_GetNextFunc	= vi.m_GetNextFunc;
      init();
      return *this;
   }

   bool operator == (const BaseMFCIter& rhs) const
   { return (m_Pos == rhs.m_Pos && m_End == rhs.m_End); }

   bool operator != (const BaseMFCIter& rhs) const
   { return !operator==(rhs); }

   BaseMFCIter&	operator ++ ()    { advance(); return *this; }
   BaseMFCIter&	operator ++ (int) { BaseMFCIter ret(*this); advance(); return ret; }
   Item	        operator *  ()    { return m_Item; }
   Item	        operator -> ()    { return m_Item; }

   static BaseMFCIter end   ()    { return BaseMFCIter(); }	// end() returns default null iterator

private:
   Item	 m_Item;      // Current item from container
   Cont* m_pCont;     // Pointer to container
   Key	 m_Pos;       // Key to item in container
   bool	 m_End;       // Flag to indicate end of container reached

   // Pointers to container iteration functions
   GetFirstFunctionPtr m_GetFirstFunc;
   GetNextFunctionPtr  m_GetNextFunc;

   // Use container GetFirst & GetNext functions to set to first element, or end() if not found
   void init()
   {
      m_Pos = 0;
      m_End = true;

      if (m_pCont && m_GetFirstFunc != 0)
      {
         m_Pos = (m_pCont->*m_GetFirstFunc)();
         advance();
      }
   }

   // Use container GetNext function to find next element in container
   void advance()
   {
      m_End = m_Pos ? false : true;
      m_Item = (m_Pos && m_pCont && m_GetNextFunc != 0) ?
               (m_pCont->*m_GetNextFunc)(m_Pos) : Item();
   }
};

#endif

Here are the iterator classes, derived from BaseMFCIter. Notice how simple they are, just initialising the base class with the appropriate container and the functions to use on it:

#ifndef MFCITERATORS_H
#define	MFCITERATORS_H

//***************************************************************************/
//
// ViewIter, DocIter, and DocTemplateIter class implementations.
//
// Iterator classes for iterating views, documents, and doctemplates.
//
//***************************************************************************

#if _MSC_VER > 1000
#pragma once
#endif // _MSC_VER > 1000

#include "BaseMFCIter.h"

class ViewIter : public BaseMFCIter < CView*, CDocument >
{
public:
   ViewIter(CDocument* pDoc = 0) : BaseMFCIter< CView*, CDocument >
      (pDoc, CDocument::GetFirstViewPosition, CDocument::GetNextView)
   {}
};

class DocIter : public BaseMFCIter< CDocument*, CDocTemplate >
{
public:
   DocIter(CDocTemplate* pDT = 0) : BaseMFCIter< CDocument*, CDocTemplate >
      (pDT, CDocTemplate::GetFirstDocPosition, CDocTemplate::GetNextDoc)
   {}
};

class CDocTemplateIter : public BaseMFCIter< CDocTemplate*, CWinApp >
{
public:
   CDocTemplateIter(CWinApp* pApp = 0) : BaseMFCIter< CDocTemplate*, CWinApp >
      (pApp, CWinApp::GetFirstDocTemplatePosition, CWinApp::GetNextDocTemplate)
   {}
};

#endif

Nesting Iterators

So far so good. We now have convenient iterators to get doctemplates from applications, documents from doctemplates, and views from documents. It should now also be fairly clear how you can use BaseMFCIter to make other iterators that fit this GetFirstPos / GetNext idiom.

Interestingly, the containers for these particular iterators (above) form a nested hierarchy: documents within doctemplates within applications. It might be useful if we could somehow combine them so as to be able iterate over, for example, all the documents in all the doctemplates in an application, without having to code a nested loop to do it.

The solution, unsurprisingly, is another templated iterator class that wraps two appropriate iterators and presents them as one. I have called it NestedMFCIter, and it is templated to take an inner iterator which accesses the items we are interested in, an outer iterator that accesses the containers holding the items, and an outer container that holds those containers. I'm sorry if that's less than not very clear, but it's a little hard to describe clearly... anyway, this is the class:

#ifndef NESTEDMFCITERATOR_H
#define	NESTEDMFCITERATOR_H
//****************************************************************************
//
// NestedMFCIter class implementation.
//
// Iterator class for iterating through the contents of nested containers
// using iterators for each container type.
//
// class OuterCont is the container that holds the collections iterated over by
// class OuterIter. OuterIter dereferences to a container of items iterated over
// by class InnerIter. NestedMFCIter itself dereferences to the item iterated by
// InnerIter, thus allowing iteration over every item in every container in OuterCont.
//
//***************************************************************************

#if _MSC_VER > 1000
#pragma once
#endif // _MSC_VER > 1000

template < class InnerIter, class OuterIter, class OuterCont >
class NestedMFCIter : public std::iterator < std::input_iterator_tag, InnerIter::value_type >
{
public:
   NestedMFCIter(OuterCont* pOC = 0) :
         m_OuterIt(pOC), m_InnerIt(pOC ? *m_OuterIt : 0)
   {}

   NestedMFCIter& operator=(OuterCont* pOC)
   { m_OuterIt = pOC; m_InnerIt = *m_OuterIt; return *this; }

   bool operator == (const NestedMFCIter& rhs) const
   { return m_InnerIt == rhs.m_InnerIt; }

   bool operator != (const NestedMFCIter& rhs) const
   { return !operator==(rhs); }

   NestedMFCIter& operator ++ () { advance(); return *this; }

   NestedMFCIter& operator ++ (int)
   { NestedMFCIter ret(*this); advance(); return ret; }

   InnerIter::value_type operator*()   { return *m_InnerIt; }
   InnerIter::value_type operator->()  { return *m_InnerIt; }

   static NestedMFCIter end()          { return NestedMFCIter(); }

private:
   OuterIter	m_OuterIt;
   InnerIter	m_InnerIt;

   // Advance to next inner item. If null, advance outer iterator to next inner
   void advance()
   {
      if (m_InnerIt != InnerIter::end())
         ++m_InnerIt;

      while (m_InnerIt == InnerIter::end() && (++m_OuterIt) != OuterIter::end())
      {
         m_InnerIt = *m_OuterIt;
      }
   }
};
#endif

   // define a convenient type name
   typedef NestedMFCIter < DocIter, DocTemplateIter, CWinApp > AppDocIter;

   for (AppDocIter adi(AfxGetApp()); adi != adi.end(); ++adi)
   {
      CString title = (*adi)->GetTitle();
      ...
   }

If this isn't enough, you can even use a NestedMFCIter type as one of the iterators passed to another NestedMFCIter type. This allows you to iterate over the items at the bottom of arbitrarily deep nestings of containers. For example, to access the window handles of all the views in an application, you can create a NestedMFCIter iterator for all the views in a doctemplate, and use that together with an iterator that accesses doctemplates in an application, in another NestedMFCIter:

   typedef NestedMFCIter < ViewIter, DocIter, CDocTemplate >	DocTemplateViewIter;
   typedef NestedMFCIter< DocTemplateViewIter, CDocTemplateIter, CWinApp >	AppViewIter;

   for (AppViewIter avi(AfxGetApp()); avi != avi.end(); ++avi)
   {
      HWND hWnd = (*avi)->GetSafeHwnd();   // Extract hWnd of view
      ...
   }

So What's the Big Deal?

These MFC iterators are quite elegant in their own way, but let's face it, they don't really save more than a couple of lines of code, and they take up more than that behind the scenes. Why go to all this trouble just to avoid using POSITION ?

Well, firstly, this is just an example by way of an introduction to roll-your-own iterators to show what can be done. However, the real answer is that the use of iterators is the key to the STL. Any container that has STL iterators has a huge range of functions and algorithms available in the STL for manipulating it's contents. A typical STL algorithm or function will take a start iterator, an end iterator, an optional predicate function, and will perform some operation involving the elements from the start up to (but not including) the end. Where a predicate function is supplied, the operation performed will use the predicate function.

A predicate function can be an ordinary file-scope function, or a class operator() function. The latter is used where the function needs access to some data that persists between function calls. Rather than use static data, class member data is used, which can be initialised appropriately when the class is constructed. If this still doesn't make much sense, maybe an example will help:

   // Setting all application views to a desired display state (normal, maximised, iconised, etc.):

   #include < algorithm >
   #include "NestedMFCIterator.h"
   #include "MFCIterators.h"

   using std::for_each;		// Declare that we're using the std library 'for_each' algorithm

   // Create an iterator for all views (as previously described)
   typedef NestedMFCIter < ViewIter, DocIter, CDocTemplate > DocTemplateViewIter;
   typedef NestedMFCIter < DocTemplateViewIter, CDocTemplateIter, CWinApp > AppViewIter;

   // Define a predicate class to set the parent frame of a view to a desired show state
   class DoShowWindow {
   public:
      DoShowWindow(int nCmdShow) : m_CmdShow(nCmdShow) {}	// constructor
      // Predicate function
      void operator()(CView* pView) { pView->GetParentFrame()->ShowWindow(m_CmdShow); }
   private:
      int m_CmdShow;	// Stores the desired show state
   };

   // Function that uses DoShowWindow to set the state of all views:
   void MyFunc()
   {
      CWinApp* pApp = AfxGetApp();

      // Show all views normal
      for_each(AppViewIter(pApp), AppViewIter::end(), DoShowWindow(SW_SHOWNORMAL));
      ...
      // Show all views minimised
      for_each(AppViewIter(pApp), AppViewIter::end(), DoShowWindow(SW_SHOWMINNOACTIVE));
      ...
   }

Summary